DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and function of all known living organisms and many viruses. These instructions are stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The code specifies the sequence of the building blocks, called…

What is RNA? Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA. Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often single-stranded. An RNA molecule has a backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and sugar ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA. Attached to each sugar is…

What is transfection? Transfection is the process of introducing foreign genetic material into eukaryotic cells. This can be done using a variety of techniques, including chemical or electrical means. Once the foreign DNA has been introduced, it can be expressed by the cell, resulting in the production of new proteins. Transfection is a powerful tool…

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid composed of ribonucleotides, which are nucleotides containing ribose sugars. RNA is found in all living cells and is essential for the proper functioning of the cell. RNA is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including protein synthesis, cell signaling, and gene regulation. RNA is a molecule…